Which of the following conditions typically leads to true pitting edema?

True pitting edema is a condition where, upon applying pressure to the affected area, a noticeable indentation remains after the pressure is released. This type of edema is typically associated with systemic issues or chronic venous disease, where there is increased capillary pressure or fluid retention.

Systemic diseases that can lead to true pitting edema include heart failure, renal dysfunction, and liver disease, all of which can cause fluid to accumulate in the interstitial spaces of tissues. Chronic venous disease often results in valve incompetence and venous hypertension, contributing further to pitting edema. This accumulation of fluid in the tissues, due to these systemic factors or inadequate venous return, is what characterizes true pitting edema.

In contrast, conditions like acute arterial occlusion and popliteal artery entrapment tend to cause ischemic symptoms and may lead to non-pitting edema, as they result in reduced blood flow rather than fluid accumulation in the tissue. Similarly, Raynaud's phenomenon is associated with vasospasm of small blood vessels and does not typically contribute to pitting edema. Thus, the characteristics of systemic disease or chronic venous disease directly correlate with the presence of true pitting edema, making it the correct choice.